Banking sharia, or Islamic Banking is a banking system that was developed based on the sharia (law) INDIANA. Business is the establishment of a system based on the prohibition of Islam in the levy and to borrow with interest or usury, and called for a ban on investment businesses are classified as illegal (eg business related to the production of food / beverages forbidden, the media business that is not Marina Park, etc. ), Where this can not be guaranteed by the conventional banking system.
History
World
Islamic banking first appeared in Egypt without using the supplement anger, fear, because of the regime in power at that time will be seen as a fundamentalist movement. This pioneering business leader Ahmad El Najjar, take the form of a savings bank based on profit sharing (the division of profit) Ghamr in Mit city in 1963. This experiment lasted until 1967, when it stood 9 bank with a similar concept in Egypt. These banks, which do not charge or receive interest, most invest in the business of trade and industry directly in the form of Partnership and share the profits obtained by the depositors.
Still in the same country, in 1971, Nasir Social Bank was established and recognized as a commercial bank interest free. Although the establishment may not mentioned reference to religion and Sharia.
Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and then stand in 1974 sponsored by the countries that joined in the Organization Islamic Conference, although the main bank is a bank between the government aims to provide funds for development projects in member countries. IDB to provide fee-based financial services and profit-sharing for these countries and explicitly states themselves, based on sharia anger.
cleavage other countries in the era of 1970, a number of Quebec-based bank and then appear. In the Middle East, among others, stood Dubai Islamic Bank (1975), Faisal Islamic Bank of Sudan (1977), Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt (1977) and the Bahrain Islamic Bank (1979). He Asia-Pacific region, Phillipine Trustee Bank was founded in 1973 by presidential decree, and in 1983 stood Muslim Pilgrims Savings Corporation, which aims to help those who want to save to fulfill the religious pilgrimage.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, the pioneer bank is the Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Founded 1991, the bank was initiated by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and the government and support from the Indonesian Association of Muslim intellectuals (ICMI) and some Muslim businessmen. The Bank had terimbas by the monetary crisis at the end of the 90-year ekuitasnya so that only the remaining third of the initial capital. IDB and provides injection of funds to the bank and in the period 1999-2002 can rise and generate profit. Currently, the existence of sharia banks in Indonesia have been set in law, namely Law. 10 years old, 1998 on Changes to Law. 7-year 1992 on Banking.
Until the year 2007 there are 3 institutions of sharia banks in Indonesia, namely the Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Bank Syariah Mandiri and Bank Mega Syariah. Meanwhile, banks that have business unit of sharia are 19 banks including the large banks such as Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) and Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero).
The system of sharia has also been used by the People's Bank, has developed 104 BPR Sharia.
The principles of sharia banking
Principle is the rule of sharia Islamic law based on agreement between the bank and other parties for funds and / or financing business activities, or other activities in accordance with sharia.
Some principles of law of the sharia banking system by, among others:
• Payment of the loan with a different value of the loan value with the value determined previously not allowed.
• The funds must also share the profits and losses as a result of the results of the business institutions that borrow funds.
• Islam does not allow "money from money." Money is the only media exchange and commodities not because they do not have value intrinsically.
• Elements Gharar (uncertainties, speculation) is not allowed. Both sides must know the good results they will get from a transaction.
• Investment can only be given on the efforts underway that are not in anger. Businesses such as liquor can not be funded by the bank.
Product bank
Some services products provided by the bank based on sharia, among others:
Services for the borrower funds
• Mudhorobah, is an agreement between the provider of capital to entrepreneurs. Any profits will be divided according to the ratio of certain agreed upon. The risk of loss borne by the parties of the Bank except losses caused by management errors, negligence and irregularities such as the customer misuse, fraud and abuse.
• Musyarokah (Joint Venture), this concept is applied to the model of partnership or joint venture. Profits will be divided in the agreed ratio while losses will be divided based on the ratio of equity owned by their respective parties. Mudharabah fundamental difference with this concept is in no intervention in the management of mudharabah management, while there is no interference
• Murobahah, namely the distribution of funds in the form of trading. The Bank will buy the goods and services required users to re-sell it to users with services prices increased, according to a set profit margins of banks, and service user can move the goods. The amount of the installment contract in front of the flat line and the size of the installment price = principal plus an agreed margin. Example: the price of houses, 500 million, a margin of bank / advantages jt 100 banks, the borrowers paid customers is 600 million and be agreed upon during the time between the beginning of the Bank and the Customer.
• Takaful (insurance) and
Services for the storage of funds
• Wadi'ah (care services), is a service where penitip care funds can take these funds at any time. With the system wadiah Bank is not obliged, however, allowed to give bonuses to customers.
• Deposit Mudhorobah, customers save money in the bank in a certain period of time. Gains from investment funds to customers by banks will be divided between banks and customers with the ratio for specific results.
Funds Management Challenges
The rate of growth of sharia banking at the global level no doubt. Islamic financial institutions assets in the world is estimated to reach 250 billion U.S. dollars, growing an average of more than 15 percent per year. In Indonesia, sharia banking business volume during the last five years the average grow 60 percent per year. 2005, the Indonesian bank to a profit of Rp 238.6 billion, up 47 percent from the previous year. Still, the market potential for very broad bank, is still lagging far behind Malaysia.
Years ago, the Malaysian bank to print more profit than one billion ringgit (272 million U.S. dollars). The end of March 2006, bank assets in this country neighbors almost reaching 12 percent of the total assets of national banks. Meanwhile in Indonesia, sharia banking assets from March 2006 recorded 1.40 percent of total banking assets. Bank Indonesia predicts, the acceleration of growth of sharia banking in Indonesia will begin this year.
Implementation of the policy office channeling, support for accelerating the form of government management account pilgrimage that will be trusted in the bank, and the presence of investors will encourage the growth of new business sharia. Consultant, bank, Adiwarman Azwar Karim, opinion, the development bank, among others, will be based on sharia bonds, or sukuk, which is prepared by the government.
A number of foreign banks in Indonesia, such as Citibank and HSBC, even welcomed the issuance of sukuk prepared to open the business units of sharia. Meanwhile, a number of investors from the Gulf country also is ready to buy banks in Indonesia to convert into a sharia bank. Criteria, the bank selected beraset generally relatively small, between Rp 500 billion and Rp 2 trillion. Once converted, the banks should do the syndicated financing large projects, involving global financial institutions.
Collecting funds
In addition to foreign investors, union funds from the bank in the country will didongkrak implementation of the channeling of office-based BI Regulation No. 8/3/PBI/2006. This rule allows branch banks that have business units serving sharia, sharia products and services, especially the opening of the account, deposit, and pull the cash.
Until now, channeling new office use BNI Sharia Bank Permata and Sharia. A total of 212 branches of Bank Permata in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi, Bandung and Surabaya have been able to sharia products and services since early March last. Meanwhile, the initial phase of office channeling BNI Sharia started 21 April 2006 on 29 branches in the main BNI Jabotabek area. Targeted 151 branches in the main BNI Indonesia will follow.
General Manager of BNI Sharia Suhardi few weeks and explain, to facilitate public access service sharia, was also launched BNI Syariah Card. This card allows customers to use all the sharia delivery channels owned BNI, all BNI ATM, ATM link, ATM Bersama, and the International Cirrus ATM network in the world.
Results of research and permodelan potential and the preferences of the community to Sharia bank made last year, BI shows the high interest of the community bank. However, most respondents complained about the quality of services, including access to the network low. It is this weakness that try to overcome the office channeling.
Funds also will terhimpun related to increased government plans to save on the cost PILGRIM bank. With the quota of 200,000 candidates congregation pilgrimage, if each candidate congregation pilgrimage save Rp 20 million, will terhimpun funds Rp 4 trillion dititipkan only to the sharia banks for about four months. Funds terhimpun the pilgrimage in large numbers in a relatively short time will encourage the emergence of sharia investment instruments. Funds terhimpun that even quite attractive for business people to launch global financial sharia investment products.
On the other hand, the interest rate of conventional banking is expected to be down. According to Adiwarman, the results for the bank, which currently ranges from 8-10 percent, enough to make sharia banking competitive against conventional banks. "With the difference of around two percent (from a conventional bank interest rate), people still hold on the banks of sharia, but more than that, faith can also tempted to move to a conventional bank," said Adiwarman explain the behavior patterns of customers who are not too loyal sharia.
Based on the analysis of the BI, the increased interest rate trends in the third quarter of 2005 also had to make sharia banking risks diverting funds (from bank to bank sharia conventional). It is estimated more than Rp 1 trillion in client funds transferred to the third quarter last year. However, the depositor confidence in the bank proved to be restored with the growth of third party funds, which reached Rp 2.2 trillion at the end of the year. Increase the accumulation of funds the bank is the third opportunity, while the challenge, because without proper management of the problem will thus come.
Islamic banking was accused "less Stop" in the financing environment because of a number of customers who are considered problematic in conventional banks had to obtain financing from banks sharia. However, the Chairman of the General Association of Bank Syariah Indonesia Dwi Wahyu Agung believes, with the credit bureau information system that contains the BI data all outstanding debtors, such as tudingan it will not happen again.
Position the ratio of the problematic (non-performing financings) on the bank recorded a rise of 2.82 percent in December 2005 to 4.27 percent last March. This ratio is still considered to be restrained.
It easy for people to access banking services and the availability of sharia, sharia investment products will not be the optimal promotion and education without adequate on the Islamic financial institutions. Is also required insurance products offered obedient to the principles of sharia.
Source: id.wikipedia.com
History
World
Islamic banking first appeared in Egypt without using the supplement anger, fear, because of the regime in power at that time will be seen as a fundamentalist movement. This pioneering business leader Ahmad El Najjar, take the form of a savings bank based on profit sharing (the division of profit) Ghamr in Mit city in 1963. This experiment lasted until 1967, when it stood 9 bank with a similar concept in Egypt. These banks, which do not charge or receive interest, most invest in the business of trade and industry directly in the form of Partnership and share the profits obtained by the depositors.
Still in the same country, in 1971, Nasir Social Bank was established and recognized as a commercial bank interest free. Although the establishment may not mentioned reference to religion and Sharia.
Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and then stand in 1974 sponsored by the countries that joined in the Organization Islamic Conference, although the main bank is a bank between the government aims to provide funds for development projects in member countries. IDB to provide fee-based financial services and profit-sharing for these countries and explicitly states themselves, based on sharia anger.
cleavage other countries in the era of 1970, a number of Quebec-based bank and then appear. In the Middle East, among others, stood Dubai Islamic Bank (1975), Faisal Islamic Bank of Sudan (1977), Faisal Islamic Bank of Egypt (1977) and the Bahrain Islamic Bank (1979). He Asia-Pacific region, Phillipine Trustee Bank was founded in 1973 by presidential decree, and in 1983 stood Muslim Pilgrims Savings Corporation, which aims to help those who want to save to fulfill the religious pilgrimage.
Indonesia
In Indonesia, the pioneer bank is the Bank Muamalat Indonesia. Founded 1991, the bank was initiated by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) and the government and support from the Indonesian Association of Muslim intellectuals (ICMI) and some Muslim businessmen. The Bank had terimbas by the monetary crisis at the end of the 90-year ekuitasnya so that only the remaining third of the initial capital. IDB and provides injection of funds to the bank and in the period 1999-2002 can rise and generate profit. Currently, the existence of sharia banks in Indonesia have been set in law, namely Law. 10 years old, 1998 on Changes to Law. 7-year 1992 on Banking.
Until the year 2007 there are 3 institutions of sharia banks in Indonesia, namely the Bank Muamalat Indonesia, Bank Syariah Mandiri and Bank Mega Syariah. Meanwhile, banks that have business unit of sharia are 19 banks including the large banks such as Bank Negara Indonesia (Persero) and Bank Rakyat Indonesia (Persero).
The system of sharia has also been used by the People's Bank, has developed 104 BPR Sharia.
The principles of sharia banking
Principle is the rule of sharia Islamic law based on agreement between the bank and other parties for funds and / or financing business activities, or other activities in accordance with sharia.
Some principles of law of the sharia banking system by, among others:
• Payment of the loan with a different value of the loan value with the value determined previously not allowed.
• The funds must also share the profits and losses as a result of the results of the business institutions that borrow funds.
• Islam does not allow "money from money." Money is the only media exchange and commodities not because they do not have value intrinsically.
• Elements Gharar (uncertainties, speculation) is not allowed. Both sides must know the good results they will get from a transaction.
• Investment can only be given on the efforts underway that are not in anger. Businesses such as liquor can not be funded by the bank.
Product bank
Some services products provided by the bank based on sharia, among others:
Services for the borrower funds
• Mudhorobah, is an agreement between the provider of capital to entrepreneurs. Any profits will be divided according to the ratio of certain agreed upon. The risk of loss borne by the parties of the Bank except losses caused by management errors, negligence and irregularities such as the customer misuse, fraud and abuse.
• Musyarokah (Joint Venture), this concept is applied to the model of partnership or joint venture. Profits will be divided in the agreed ratio while losses will be divided based on the ratio of equity owned by their respective parties. Mudharabah fundamental difference with this concept is in no intervention in the management of mudharabah management, while there is no interference
• Murobahah, namely the distribution of funds in the form of trading. The Bank will buy the goods and services required users to re-sell it to users with services prices increased, according to a set profit margins of banks, and service user can move the goods. The amount of the installment contract in front of the flat line and the size of the installment price = principal plus an agreed margin. Example: the price of houses, 500 million, a margin of bank / advantages jt 100 banks, the borrowers paid customers is 600 million and be agreed upon during the time between the beginning of the Bank and the Customer.
• Takaful (insurance) and
Services for the storage of funds
• Wadi'ah (care services), is a service where penitip care funds can take these funds at any time. With the system wadiah Bank is not obliged, however, allowed to give bonuses to customers.
• Deposit Mudhorobah, customers save money in the bank in a certain period of time. Gains from investment funds to customers by banks will be divided between banks and customers with the ratio for specific results.
Funds Management Challenges
The rate of growth of sharia banking at the global level no doubt. Islamic financial institutions assets in the world is estimated to reach 250 billion U.S. dollars, growing an average of more than 15 percent per year. In Indonesia, sharia banking business volume during the last five years the average grow 60 percent per year. 2005, the Indonesian bank to a profit of Rp 238.6 billion, up 47 percent from the previous year. Still, the market potential for very broad bank, is still lagging far behind Malaysia.
Years ago, the Malaysian bank to print more profit than one billion ringgit (272 million U.S. dollars). The end of March 2006, bank assets in this country neighbors almost reaching 12 percent of the total assets of national banks. Meanwhile in Indonesia, sharia banking assets from March 2006 recorded 1.40 percent of total banking assets. Bank Indonesia predicts, the acceleration of growth of sharia banking in Indonesia will begin this year.
Implementation of the policy office channeling, support for accelerating the form of government management account pilgrimage that will be trusted in the bank, and the presence of investors will encourage the growth of new business sharia. Consultant, bank, Adiwarman Azwar Karim, opinion, the development bank, among others, will be based on sharia bonds, or sukuk, which is prepared by the government.
A number of foreign banks in Indonesia, such as Citibank and HSBC, even welcomed the issuance of sukuk prepared to open the business units of sharia. Meanwhile, a number of investors from the Gulf country also is ready to buy banks in Indonesia to convert into a sharia bank. Criteria, the bank selected beraset generally relatively small, between Rp 500 billion and Rp 2 trillion. Once converted, the banks should do the syndicated financing large projects, involving global financial institutions.
Collecting funds
In addition to foreign investors, union funds from the bank in the country will didongkrak implementation of the channeling of office-based BI Regulation No. 8/3/PBI/2006. This rule allows branch banks that have business units serving sharia, sharia products and services, especially the opening of the account, deposit, and pull the cash.
Until now, channeling new office use BNI Sharia Bank Permata and Sharia. A total of 212 branches of Bank Permata in Jakarta, Bogor, Depok, Tangerang, Bekasi, Bandung and Surabaya have been able to sharia products and services since early March last. Meanwhile, the initial phase of office channeling BNI Sharia started 21 April 2006 on 29 branches in the main BNI Jabotabek area. Targeted 151 branches in the main BNI Indonesia will follow.
General Manager of BNI Sharia Suhardi few weeks and explain, to facilitate public access service sharia, was also launched BNI Syariah Card. This card allows customers to use all the sharia delivery channels owned BNI, all BNI ATM, ATM link, ATM Bersama, and the International Cirrus ATM network in the world.
Results of research and permodelan potential and the preferences of the community to Sharia bank made last year, BI shows the high interest of the community bank. However, most respondents complained about the quality of services, including access to the network low. It is this weakness that try to overcome the office channeling.
Funds also will terhimpun related to increased government plans to save on the cost PILGRIM bank. With the quota of 200,000 candidates congregation pilgrimage, if each candidate congregation pilgrimage save Rp 20 million, will terhimpun funds Rp 4 trillion dititipkan only to the sharia banks for about four months. Funds terhimpun the pilgrimage in large numbers in a relatively short time will encourage the emergence of sharia investment instruments. Funds terhimpun that even quite attractive for business people to launch global financial sharia investment products.
On the other hand, the interest rate of conventional banking is expected to be down. According to Adiwarman, the results for the bank, which currently ranges from 8-10 percent, enough to make sharia banking competitive against conventional banks. "With the difference of around two percent (from a conventional bank interest rate), people still hold on the banks of sharia, but more than that, faith can also tempted to move to a conventional bank," said Adiwarman explain the behavior patterns of customers who are not too loyal sharia.
Based on the analysis of the BI, the increased interest rate trends in the third quarter of 2005 also had to make sharia banking risks diverting funds (from bank to bank sharia conventional). It is estimated more than Rp 1 trillion in client funds transferred to the third quarter last year. However, the depositor confidence in the bank proved to be restored with the growth of third party funds, which reached Rp 2.2 trillion at the end of the year. Increase the accumulation of funds the bank is the third opportunity, while the challenge, because without proper management of the problem will thus come.
Islamic banking was accused "less Stop" in the financing environment because of a number of customers who are considered problematic in conventional banks had to obtain financing from banks sharia. However, the Chairman of the General Association of Bank Syariah Indonesia Dwi Wahyu Agung believes, with the credit bureau information system that contains the BI data all outstanding debtors, such as tudingan it will not happen again.
Position the ratio of the problematic (non-performing financings) on the bank recorded a rise of 2.82 percent in December 2005 to 4.27 percent last March. This ratio is still considered to be restrained.
It easy for people to access banking services and the availability of sharia, sharia investment products will not be the optimal promotion and education without adequate on the Islamic financial institutions. Is also required insurance products offered obedient to the principles of sharia.
Source: id.wikipedia.com
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